cam is doing
marine ecosystems
live in 97% of the planet’s water
Friday, November 19, 2010
Quote From Presentation
The quote I am going to be using in my poster is "the earth's surface is covered with 72% water".
Trimira Garach (November 19/10)
Trimira Garach (November 19/10)
Formatting
Name of the Article
Headers
The actual article itself
Citation with link
Name and Date
In Praise of the Maligned Sweatshop
Global Issues Viewpoint: In this editorial, the author argues that negative Western perceptions of sweatshops in developing nations actually do more harm than good for the low-level workers who are employed there. Because companies fear being criticized for running sweatshops, they avoid building factories in the poorest countries where the work is most needed. The author of this editorial is Nicholas Kristof, a two-time Pulitzer Prize–winning journalist for The New York Times. His views on sweatshops are dramatically different than those of most Americans, and are based on years of personal experience in developing nations such as China and Sudan.Namibia, the main country discussed in the article, is dominated by desert, with little in the way of natural resources for its citizens to develop into exports. Approximately half of the population is unemployed, with an equal amount of Namibians living below the poverty line. The country features one of the most unequal distributions of wealth in the world, with a very small number of wealthy citizens and a large poor population. Like Kristof, some economists have argued that sweatshops allow the poorest citizens a starting point from which to build self-sufficiency. Over time, this can help to narrow the gap between rich and poor and reduce wealth inequality. Countries with highly unequal distributions of wealth are more likely to experience political unrest, higher crime rates, and relatively poorer health conditions than other countries.
Africa desperately needs Western help in the form of schools, clinics and sweatshops.
Oops, don't spill your coffee. We in the West mostly despise sweatshops as exploiters of the poor, while the poor themselves tend to see sweatshops as opportunities.
On a street here in the capital of Namibia, in the southwestern corner of Africa, I spoke to a group of young men who were trying to get hired as day laborers on construction sites.
''I come here every day,'' said Naftal Shaanika, a 20-year-old. ''I actually find work only about once a week.''
Mr. Shaanika and the other young men noted that the construction jobs were dangerous and arduous, and that they would vastly prefer steady jobs in, yes, sweatshops. Sure, sweatshop work is tedious, grueling and sometimes dangerous. But over all, sewing clothes is considerably less dangerous or arduous -- or sweaty -- than most alternatives in poor countries.
Well-meaning American university students regularly campaign against sweatshops. But instead, anyone who cares about fighting poverty should campaign in favor of sweatshops, demanding that companies set up factories in Africa. If Africa could establish a clothing export industry, that would fight poverty far more effectively than any foreign aid program.
Namibia was supposed to be a pioneer in Africa's garment industry, for it is stable, pleasant and safe, and its government has tried hard to entice foreign investors. On the edge of Windhoek are a series of low factories set up to produce garments for the American marketplace.
The biggest is the Ramatex Textile Factory, a Malaysian investment that employs 6,000 people. But the owners say they are losing money and will pull out, and other factories have stopped operating as well.
In Windhoek's Chinatown, I met Sun Zhimei, a Chinese woman who operates a small factory employing Namibians. ''I'd like to help this country, by boosting its garment industry,'' she said. But on the day I visited, her factory was deserted. ''It's cheaper to import goods all the way from China than to make them here,'' she complained.
The problem is that it's still costly to manufacture in Africa. The headaches across much of the continent include red tape, corruption, political instability, unreliable electricity and ports, and an inexperienced labor force that leads to low productivity and quality. The anti-sweatshop movement isn't a prime obstacle, but it's one more reason not to manufacture in Africa.
Imagine that a Nike vice president proposed manufacturing cheap T-shirts in Ethiopia: ''Look, boss, it would be tough to operate there, but a factory would be a godsend to one of the poorest countries in the world. And if we kept a tight eye on costs and paid 25 cents an hour, we might be able to make a go of it.''
The boss would reply: ''You're crazy! We'd be boycotted on every campus in the country.''
So companies like Nike, itself once a target of sweatshop critics, tend not to have highly labor-intensive factories in the very poorest countries, but rather more capital-intensive factories (in which machines do more of the work) in better-off nations like Malaysia or Indonesia. And the real losers are the world's poorest people.
Some of those who campaign against sweatshops respond to my arguments by noting that they aren't against factories in Africa, but only demand a ''living wage'' in them. After all, if labor costs amount to only $1 per shirt, then doubling wages would barely make a difference in the final cost.
One problem -- as the closure of the Namibian factories suggests -- is that it already isn't profitable to pay respectable salaries, and so any pressure to raise them becomes one more reason to avoid Africa altogether. Moreover, when Western companies do pay above-market wages, in places like Cambodia, local managers extort huge bribes in exchange for jobs. So the workers themselves don't get the benefit.
One of the best U.S. initiatives in Africa has been the African Growth and Opportunity Act, which allows duty-free imports from Africa -- and thus has stimulated manufacturing there. But last year, partly because of competition from China, textile and clothing imports under the initiative fell by 12 percent.
The Congo Republic's president, Denis Sassou-Nguesso, told me that he would love to have more factories. It's incredibly frustrating, he noted, to see African countries export cotton, timber and other raw materials but rarely have the chance to process them. The American initiative ''is a step in the right direction,'' he said. ''But it needs more of a push.''
One push needs to come from African countries themselves: a crackdown on corruption and red tape. But another useful step would be for American students to stop trying to ban sweatshops, and instead campaign to bring them to the most desperately poor countries.
Full Text: COPYRIGHT 2006 The New York Times Company
Gale Document Number:A146663962
Citation:
Kristof, Nicholas D. "In Praise of the Maligned Sweatshop." New York Times 6 June 2006: A21(L). Global Issues In Context. Web. 26 Oct. 2010.
Christina Robev October 27/10
Wednesday, November 10, 2010
Tuesday, November 9, 2010
Economic impact of Gulf of Mexico oil spill varies by industry
Economic impact of Gulf of Mexico oil spill varies by industry
Published: Sunday, May 09, 2010, 7:00 AM Updated: Sunday, May 09, 2010, 9:45 AM
Theophile Bourgeois' website usually gets about 15,000 hits per month. It failed to hit that number, however, in April and likely won't in May because of the Gulf of Mexico oil spill.
"In reality, this time of year I should be booking 10 trips a day," said Bourgeois, who owns Bourgeois Fishing Charters. "That's decreased about 20 percent."
As bookings have declined, cancellations have risen.
"Where it should be peaking, it's declining," Bourgeois said. "I just had a group of 16 guys call and say they were down to six because they didn't want to deal with the oil."
Bourgeois, who operates ten charter boats and two fishing lodges, is one of an as-yet unknown number of individuals and business owners who are impacted by the BP oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico. Nearly three weeks ago, the oil rig Deepwater Horizon exploded and sank, leaving a drilling site that has spewed oil ever since. BP is working to control the leaks.
It will be a while before the spill's full economic impact is known and, in fact, the spill is having different effects on different industries.
In Buras, lodging facilities booked solid with cleanup crews are scrambling to hire additional maids, and the proprietor of a sportsman's lodge said he had to borrow campers to house an unexpected crush of patrons.
But there's no denying the impact on the seafood and fishing industries, mainstays of the south Louisiana economy, where operators like Bourgeois have seen a dramatic falloff in work.
"It's very difficult," said Dek Terrell, director of the LSU Division of Economic Development and professor of economics. "The real challenge is going to be getting a good measure of the long-term impact. It very much depends on where oil travels and how long it stays over a particular area."
Although it seems unlikely, there still are concerns about the even larger impact on the economy if the spill heads west to an area of the Gulf of Mexico populated with more oil rigs and a greater share of the Louisiana fishing community.
"If that happens, there's a couple of issues," Baton Rouge economist Loren Scott said. "One is that oil will then go underneath existing platforms and drill ships that are manned,"
If that happens, those platforms would have to be evacuated and not only would energy production suffer, but so would the industries that support the oil and gas sector.
"If we get to a point where we have to stop that process, that is a way bigger impact on Louisiana's economy," Scott said. "That process is constant, whereas fishing is not year round."
Bourgeois agreed.
"If the winds change, and it does come to us, we'll be in trouble," he said "It could be, for us, catastrophic."
Local universities, in partnership with Louisiana Economic Development, are tracking the impact on commercial fishing, tourism and transportation, and measuring it against the any economic pick-up from remediation and clean up work. A preliminary study on the projected economic impact is in the works.
Reason to worry
What is clear is that the most immediate economic concern involves the fishing industry.
Louisiana seafood production has an estimated economic impact of $2.4 billion. Production of about 23 percent of that amount has been temporarily shut down by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration because of the oil spill.
Although the majority of the state's fishing waters remain free of oil and open to fishing, the ongoing concern is that oil will make its way into estuaries.
"If it gets into our estuaries, there could be some longterm impact," said Ewell Smith, executive director of the Louisiana Seafood Promotion and Marketing Board.
While fish can swim away from the impacted areas, the concerns are for oysters, shrimp and larvae that are unable to evacuate the spill.
"Hopefully, this issue can be resolved with capping this well soon. If this is going on and on, that will be a problem," Smith said. "The last thing we can afford is the collapse of our markets."
Smith said a primary concern is that the 77 percent of Louisiana's production that is able to be produced won't be harvested because fishermen will use their boats to take more lucrative jobs in spill clean up. That could result in a ripple effect that would see restaurants buying foreign seafood because their fish supplier is working another job, Smith said.
For Bourgeois, whose business is located west of the Mississippi River in an area open to fishing, business is slow because customers misunderstand the spill's impact on the ability to continue fishing.
"People aren't making the distinction between east and west of the river," Bourgeois said. "Right now, west of the river, we're operating -- but the problem is we're getting more people calling to cancel than calling to book. People are calling and wanting their money back, but it's already been spent on marketing."
Bourgeois is worried that he will have trouble paying the $20,000 in monthly bills his business accumulates.
"The money you make in the Spring covers you in the mid-summer," Bourgeois said. "Our little business alone, we support 15 families off of our one entity."
The Small Business Administration on Thursday announced plans to offer low-interest loans to small businesses on the Louisiana Gulf Coast that are suffering financial losses tied to the oil spill. The agency also is allowing some small firms impacted by the spill to defer payment on SBA disaster loans related to the hurricanes in recent years.
Some areas are thriving
While Bourgeois and his comrades in the fishing industry struggle, other corners of the Louisiana economy are thriving as a result of the spill.
At the Empire Inn and the Venice Inn in Buras, cleanup crews and reporters covering the spill have replaced oil field workers and fishermen as guests, said Melissa Taylor, assistant business office manager of the lodges. Both of the facilities are full, which is an uncommon occurrence.
"It's been fantastic for us," Taylor said, though she lamented a possible rise in grocery costs and the prospect of eating more chicken, pork and beef if seafood became unavailable.
The inns are in the process of hiring more maids to accommodate the increase in demand.
"It's not a job that everyone wants to do," Taylor said. "And, of course, as the weeks go on and you have the oil field people coming in, it's going to be an even messier job."
There also was a temporary boom at J-Bar Sportsman's Lodge, a fisherman's lodge in Buras. Owner Jeff Johnson said he had to borrow campers from neighbors to help accommodate the crush of guests requesting sanctuary at his cabin and RV site.
The Louisiana Workforce Commission is taking orders for jobs from various companies that are involved in the clean up effort, said Dino DeMarte, director of the commission's research and statistics division. But it's difficult to tell how many jobs will be created.
"It's difficult to tell because it just hasn't happened yet," DeMarte said. "There are just too many vagaries."
The number of jobs could be impacted by how many clean up contractors are hired from outside the state and also by whether National Guardsmen are called on to help with the work, DeMarte said.
But it's difficult to tell how long such business will last and if it can make up for losses in fishing.
"We view it more as an offset, and we want to be careful to say that," Terrell said. "It's important to note the difference."
For instance, even if fishermen are able to offset their economic losses by joining clean up efforts, the absence of their work would have ripple effects, DeMarte said.
"If you look at food processing, for instance," DeMarte said. "There's about 17,000 people employed in food manufacturing and 1,900 are in frozen fish and seafood, another 2,300 are in seafood canning. That means about a quarter of that industry is reliant on seafood."
Business as usual
One area of commerce that has been left relatively unscathed by the spill is shipping.
"As of right now, there have been no significant delays," said Michael Lorino, president of the Associated Branch Pilots, a group who guide ships into and out of the Mississippi River. "We're looking for (oil) all the time."
Lorino said ship diversions to avoid pockets of oil in the Gulf have caused some ship delays of about two hours, but he did not consider that additional time significant given the multi-day voyage of many of the vessels and routine diversions for other concerns including weather.
Longer delays, however, would be caused if a ship comes in contact with heavy oil and is required to drop anchor and have its hull cleaned before entering the river.
Two cleaning stations on the Mississippi River, one at Boothville and one at Burrwood, have been established.
Light to medium oil sheen reached the entrance to the Southwest Pass on Thursday morning, but there were no reports of significant delays or cancellations.
"So far, no owners are so worried that they're not traveling here," said John Hyatt, a freight forwarder with the Irwin Brown Company in New Orleans.
Jaquetta White can be reached at jwhite@timespicayune.com or 504.826.3494.
Tracking the Oil Spill
this is SO COOL.
check it out :)
BP Spill and Economy
Hey!
These are the other two articles I used in my part of our web. I'm just putting them up here so that they're a part of our article collection and we can refer to them later if we need to.
Beam, Christopher. "Oil Spill FAQ." Slate, May 6, 2010. Accessed November 8, 2010. http://www.slate.com/id/2253183/
Pagnamenta, Robin. "BP Oil Spill Could Cost Tourism and Fishing $5.5 bn." The Times, May 1, 2010. Accessed November 8, 2010. http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/environment/article7113425.ece
If you need anything else, let me know!
Trimira (November 9, 2010)
These are the other two articles I used in my part of our web. I'm just putting them up here so that they're a part of our article collection and we can refer to them later if we need to.
Beam, Christopher. "Oil Spill FAQ." Slate, May 6, 2010. Accessed November 8, 2010. http://www.slate.com/id/2253183/
Pagnamenta, Robin. "BP Oil Spill Could Cost Tourism and Fishing $5.5 bn." The Times, May 1, 2010. Accessed November 8, 2010. http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/environment/article7113425.ece
If you need anything else, let me know!
Trimira (November 9, 2010)
9 Surprising Diseases You Can Catch at the Beach
http://coastalcare.org/2010/08/9-surprising-diseases-you-can-catch-at-the-beach/
By Barbara Fenig, in Huffington Post.
Whether we like it or not, our nation’s beaches are not as clean as we would prefer them to be. Ocean water contaminated with sewage, storm run-off and oil carries bacteria, parasites, and viruses, which can cause a variety of diseases. From Staph infections to earaches, hepatitis to skin rashes and respiratory issues, Americas waters are an environmental hot bed for infection. For the last five years, there have been 18,000 beaches closing across the United States. 2009 brought 18,682 days of closures and notices as a result of water contamination and pollution at beaches throughout the United States.
As summer ends, HuffPost Green decided to explore the range of possible illnesses that can be contracted at our nation’s beaches due to environmental contamination. While oiled beaches are making the most headlines this summer, there are numerous other contamination that can be found at the beach.
Recreational water illnesses can be caught by swallowing contaminated water, inhaling infected mist, and swimming in polluted waters.
Following, nine surprising infections that are found in the nation’s oceans.
Hepatitis.
Hepatitis is a concern for many swimmers, surfers and beachgoers in the United States due to the improper disposal of red waste, a hazardous waste, such as syringes. The disease can be spread in the nation’s waters through needle and blood pollution. Officials at Lake Michigan beaches encourage visitors to take caution at the beach this month. It is believed that the red waste pollution traveled from Milwaukee sewer overflows. The syringes could carry bacteria and viruses containing hepatitis and AIDS. At San Diego’s Imperial Beach, pollution is high in the popular surfing location. The beach receives sewage run-off from Southern California’s Tijuana River. Officials worry that bodies have been discarded into the area along the river, thus contaminating the water. Many local surfers received hepatitis-A vaccines.
Enteric bacteria.
Throughout Miami’s beaches this summer, along with other beaches in the United States, enteric bacteria has infiltrated the water. Transported by storm water and sewage run-off, the beaches become contaminated with fecal pollution, known as enterococci. The bacteria contaminates the intestinal tracts of humans and animals. In Miami’s Crandon Park, officials are weighing the possibility of contamination as a result of bird travel in the area. Enterococci can also cause urinary tract infections and meningitis.
Legionnaire’s Disease.
Legionnaire’s disease, a respiratory illness, is another commonly contracted waterborne infection. Legionella bacteria grow in warm water. The disease is contracted when one inhales mist or vapor that is contaminated with the bacteria. The Center for Disease Control reports that Legionnaire’s disease, a form of pneumonia, is one of three waterborne diseases that create over 539 million dollars in costs to the United States health care system per year. Legionnaire’s disease causes high fever, muscle aches, and coughing.
Oil Spill Related Illnesses.
Human contact with oil can cause a range of health issues, according to the Scientific American. Dermatitis and other skin infections can be contracted following dermal contact with oil or dispersants. Visitors to contaminated beaches can contract dermatitis from contact with crude oil in the water and weathered oil along the shores. In the aftermath of the Exxon Valdez oil spill, 270 people who aided with the clean up cited respiratory issues, such as “symptoms of chronic airway disease.” Winds can be contaminated with chemicals or compounds, which are often inhaled. Other symptoms include chest pain, dizziness, vomiting and headaches. Overall, the Gulf Oil Spill caused 2,239 closures, notices and advisories.
Swimmer’s Ear (Otitis Externa).
Swimmer’s Ear, classified as otitis externa, is an infection of the external auditory canal that is often contracted during the summer in humid environments. The infected wounds are unable to dry and heal due to a buildup of perpetual moisture. This disturbs the skin’s ability to serve as a barrier. Swimmer’s ear is a common ailment for children and can be contracted in ocean water, pools and lakes. Infection can develop further if the skin forms micro abrasions, which hosts Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria, a bacteria naturally found in the environment.
Gastroenteritis.
Gastrointestinal illnesses are a common beach born infection. At 17 percent, San Francisco’s beaches had the highest bacteria exceedance rate. Bacteria rates were high in the beaches’ tested waters, which led the state to cite the beaches as unsafe for human contact. This year, Los Angeles boasted the most beach closing in California. Gastrointestinal illnesses cause diarrhea, which can be contracted from cryptosporidium, giardia, shigella, e.coli and norovirus.
Swimmer’s Itch (Schistosome cercarial dermatitis).
Swimmer’s itch, Schistosome cercarial dermatitis, is an itchy rash that is caused by parasites. Beaches throughout the United States, from the Northeast to the Pacific Northwest, are monitoring for summer outbreaks of the infection. Trematode parasites move from host to host. They first target the larva of snails, then inhabit the skin of aquatic birds and sometimes humans. The parasites mistakenly dig into the epidermis of humans rather than their intended host, most often ducks. Once in human skin, the presence of the trematode creates a rash called cercarial dermatitis.
Conjunctivitis.
Pink Eye, also called Conjunctivitis, is one of the most common eye infections that can be contracted in water. Ocean water, along with pool water, irritates the eyes causing people to touch the affected area, spreading the infection. Often people wear contact lenses at the beach, which harbors the bacteria.
MRSA.
Sub-tropical waters at beaches across the Mediterranean, California and Florida can be breeding grounds for Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, known as MRSA. The waterborne bacteria, which spreads from one body to another through water, is washed into the ocean where the bacteria can infect populations of beachgoers. Swimmers have a 37 percent chance of exposure to this Staph infection.
E-How Effects on Water
How Does an Oil Spill Affect The Environment?
Read more: How Does an Oil Spill Affect The Environment? | eHow.com http://www.ehow.com/how-does_4616883_oil-spill-affect-environment.html#ixzz14odj2IBL
Effects on the Water
Oil spills on the surface of the water are subjected to the whims of weather, waves and currents. All these natural forces move slicks across the surface of the water. In addition, these forces stir up the oil slick and also control the direction the slick moves in. An oil spill far out at sea can be carried ashore by wave and current action. Rough seas can split an oil slick apart, carrying some oil in one direction and more in another. In contrast, a near shore oil spill can be totally controlled by currents and wave action that causes the oil to come ashore, damaging marine shoreline habitat.
Different types of oil react differently when spilled. Some evaporate in small amounts while others break down quicker. After the sheen breaks down, a moderate amount of oil will break down and be deposited on the bottom of the ocean. This usually happens in shallow water. Certain types of microbes will break apart and consume the oil, but this in no way makes up for the damage done during the spill. In addition, when oil breaks apart and sinks to the ocean floor, it contaminates the underwater habitat too.
Effects on the Coastline
Unless there is a concerted effort to clean the shoreline, oil will basically stay on shore until weather and time break the oil down. The process is extremely slow which is why so many environmentalists work diligently to clean beach areas, rocks, and shoreline that have been contaminated. The gooey mass that makes up an oil slick litters the shoreline with ugly black tar. What makes it so very dangerous is that the coastline is where so much marine life is concentrated. Typically, shore areas are the nurseries for fish and marine life, in addition to being the home of many young marine mammals. Contaminated shorelines are not only unsightly, but also extremely dangerous to any wildlife in the area.
Effects on Marine Life and Wildlife
Ingesting oil can cause any number of problems. Death is the obvious one. However, if an animal ingests oil-saturated food, the effects might be longer reaching that simply making the animal ill. People are not aware of the immediate impact to an animal's ability to mate and have viable offspring after being exposed to oil contamination. Fish ingest oil suspended in the water through their gills. It is known that this affects their ability to reproduce.
Habitat destruction is all too obvious with an oil spill. The most visible would be seen on shore but beneath the water, there is a very delicate balance in the reefs and shallow water habitats. Plankton, the smallest organisms, are affected by oil spills. This effect moves right on up the food chain. Of particular concern are the very delicate sea life, such as clams and mussels that feed on plankton.
Direct contact with oil harms any animal that comes in contact with the oil. Bird's feathers are designed to repel water to protect the animal from the elements, in addition to allowing many birds to float on the water when resting or searching for food. When oil cakes the feathers of a bird, it keeps the feather from repelling water. Oil also weighs down the bird, keeping it from flying. If a bird isn't cleaned of the oil, it's a sure license to death. Many birds ingest deadly amounts of oil trying to clean their feathers. The same holds true for marine mammals. Marine mammal fur acts as an insulator to keep the animal warm in the coldest waters. When oil saturates the fur, it ruins the ability of the fur to retain heat. Again, marine mammals can ingest the oil when trying to clean their fur.
Read more: How Does an Oil Spill Affect The Environment? | eHow.com http://www.ehow.com/how-does_4616883_oil-spill-affect-environment.html#ixzz14odThDTj
Monday, November 8, 2010
Aqueducts and Water
Aqueduct has a strong connection with the theme of water. Romans invented this technology to supply water for a city from a water reservoir such as rivers or lakes.
1-Aqueduct’s principle function is to carry water from the source to a city.
Modern connections
2-Water resources are usually not potable around urban area, which is why aqueducts are constructed to supply the population of the city.
3- The water is also used to supply goldmines and other industrial purposes, in sites where water is not available.
Historical connections
4-During the industrial revolution, filthy water was the major cause for diseases and death, especially in England. Water was filthy and contained human defecates, laundry water and other pollutants. After doctors discovered its harmfulness, aqueducts were used to carry water from very far away, and thus, able to provide clean and potable water to the population.
5- Water supply was a major component of success in Roman civilization. Roman engineers were the first ones who invented this system and this supply of water has given Roman cities the opportunity for rapid urban development and population growth, which allowed them to exceed other cities in population, economy, politics and military.
-Shu Pui
OUTLINE
Potential Outline for slide organization (this can change so please let me know if there is an issue)
Introduction: Importance of Water
Christina R. – Natural Resource
Christina L. – Economy
Trimira
Christina L. – Waste (connection: oil was natural resouce economic then became waste)
Haneen
Anjie - (wildlife – death as waste)
Christina R. - Wildlife
Danika - Transportation
Tony
Cam
Shu
Danika – Water
Conclusion: Importance of Water
Connection between
Aqueduct has a strong connection with the theme of transportation. They are used for water transportation, as well as boats and ships.
The definition of transportation is to have something displaced in 3 dimensional space. Aqueducts were invented by the Romans to displace water from the source to a city. It is a way to supply fresh water for the urban settlements.
Another instant, gravity pulls the water in vertical displacement, transporting water from the higher mountains to ground level civilization. Engineers use primarily pipes and Auqueduct Bridge to transport water.
Transportation serves human good, and aqueducts supply natural resources to urban settlements, which allow many urban growth opportunity.
Large navigable aqueducts can also be used to transport boats and ships from a location to another.
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